Chapter 2
HPT Models
HTP Models and Processes
Below are several models used in HPT. They differ in scope (from the individual level to the group/organizational level) and subject. Some like the ID model are sub-models occasionally nested into larger models like the HPT model.
The ISPI HPT model
The HPT model is a sort of all encompassing model that captures all the process for discovering if there is a problem, what type of problem it is and then designing an intervention for the problem and finally checking to see if the intervention worked and if not recycling back through the model to come up with another intervention.
The ID model is one potential intervention that can be selected during the intervention selection in the HPT model.
Interestingly Harless' 13 smart question has many similarities with analysis parts of this model.
Instructional Design Versus HPT processes and assumptions
FEA Harless
Joe Harless posses these thirteen question to solve performance problems. They lack the sort of jargon and complex diagramming of other HPT models so they make a good tool for communication with non-HPT business professionals.
Kaufman's OEM
Kaufmans Organizational Elements Model is applicable to an organization as a whole. It delineates the business process and categorizes the process for for analysis and is useful for identifying strategic alignment between the micro, macro, and mega levels.
Gilbert's BEM
The Behavioral Engineering Model is designed to be applied to an individual worker or job. It is a three subject by two types of grid. The subjects of information, instrumentation, and motivation are are examined as either environmental (external) or personal (internal) to the individual performer. By filling in each section of the grid with information gather about the performer and his/her environment deficiencies (if there are any) that result in a performance problem (if there is one) will be revealed.
Spray and Pray model
This model is here to serve as an example of what not to do to solve a performance problem. It provides no consideration for the problem and has no way of checking results. It is also known as the 3D model for Design, Develop, and Deploy.
ADDIE model
Adding a head and a tale onto the Spray and Pray model the ADDIE model solves the problems that previous model has, namely no direction to begin a design and no way to check to see if the development and implementation of the worked.
This model has commonality with the HPT the PT and the 13 smart questions, but it has the simplest form of them all.
An Example of an HPT models applied
The Acme Bicycle Factory in Anyone USA has for the last 6 months not meeting the demand of orders from their whole sellers and has been getting complaints from the wholesalers for the last three months about an increase of returned bicycles do to malfunctions. Eight months ago the Factory was awarded a contract from the the City of Anytowne to supply the bicycles for the city's "Five Thousand Bicycles" initiative, which is a green initiative providing city owned bikes for free usage in the downtown area and providing incentives to city tax payers for ridding bicycles and not driving their cars.
Acme quickly hired Dale Smith Consulting to help resolve the problem due to the increasing pressure from wholesalers and now the from the city. After meeting with Acme's VP and her explanation of the problem Mr. Smith asked why the wholes sellers are saying that the bicycles are being returned. She replied that the large sprockets are searing off of the crankset. Ten Mr. Smith asked to see the factory where he was shown the raw materials warehouse, the tooling, and machining lines, the paint department, the pre assembly line, the final assembly line, crating, and finally the distribution warehouse which was a large space and probably would hold five hundred crated bicycles but was currently empty.
Smith, having had taken notes through his tour asked to see the pre-assembly line again where he noted the the chain wheels being assembled with the cranks, pedals and the bottom bracket. He asked the VP what the history was, of these workers. She said that all of them have been with the company for over five years, and they have had performance issues with any of them. Then Smith asked to see the final assembly line again where the Crank set was assembled to the bicycle. Here he noted that the previously assembled crank set was being partially dis assembled to be assembled with the rest of the bicycle. He asked one of the line workers about this to which the worker said "the cranksets have only been coming to them fully assembled since the two of the three people, Kelly and Kelly (not related but good friends), who move the parts between pre assembly and final assemble left the company to pursue their dream of becoming a Burlesque chainsaw juggling act." He went on to say "The remaining handler couldn't waite for more help to be hired so he asked pre assembly to put all of the crankset together, instead of the previous two individual components, so he could make fewer trips with his cart. With the cranset fully assembled he can get more than twice as many parts more parts moved in the same amount of time. No body was hired to replace the missing help since it seamed they were no longer needed. We on the final assembly do have take apart the cranset to attach it to the bike, but it doesn't take that much more time."
Smith interviewed one of the pre assembly workers and made some more notes about how the pre assembly everything was assembled 'hand tight only' since they new that with Kelly and Kelly gone the final assembly would be disassembling the crankset anyway to attach it to the bike.
Below is Smith's use of the BEM for the individual workers (but they are all the same so this is a generalized sample)
Final Assembly worker(s) information instruments motive external Does not know that pre-assembly is no longer tightening all parts to required torque Workers have tools to do the job A small increase was spread to each worker who was impacted by Kelly and Kelly's leaving. So they are all happy. internal Workers know how to assemble the parts they are responsible for Workers have same ability as before the problem was being reported Workers enjoy their work and get along with their co workers and was happy to see Kelly and Kelly fulfill their dream.
Below is Smith's use of the OEM
Raw Materials,
Workers,
Factorymetal,
rubber (tires and grips),
leather (seats)Not replacing workers who left, letting remaining workers pick up the slack, but rewarding them for it Potential of loosing city contract, and loosing wholesalers/retailers
loss in revenue due to potential loss in orders and increased number of returnsmetal shaping/cutting,
assembly lines,
painting,
cratingBicycles for people to use for transportation Assembled Bicycles Turning out fewer bicycles than normal that are not properly assembled Bicycles for sale to the people of Anytowne Income for Acme and sustainability of all of Acme's worker's jobs making a greener city of Anytowne Citizens of anytowne potentially turned off to idea of bicycles as viable public transportation because the fall apart easily